Cervicogenic Dizziness in an 11-year-old girl | AHMT - Dove Medical Press
Introduction
Cervicogenic dizziness (CGD) is a syndrome of neck pain accompanied by a false sensation of unsteadiness and dizziness due to neck pathology.1,2 Despite patients' distressing circumstances, CGD as an independent entity remains controversial.3,4 There is no consensus regarding its pathophysiology. Many reported cases of CGD have been associated with whiplash injuries, neck pathologies, poor neck posture, or dysfunctions of the cervical spine.1 The neck proprioceptive input, mostly originating from the cervical muscle spindles and joint mechanoreceptors, attests to the head position relative to the trunk. An integration of neck proprioceptive, vestibular and visual sensory inputs contributes to position changes and balance controls in physiological conditions.5,6 Disrupted (mechanical dysfunctions) and aberrant (pain) proprioceptive signals from the neck to the vestibular nucleus can result in an inaccurate depiction of head and neck orientation in space, which leads to dizziness.1,7,8 CGD can be difficult to diagnose because there are no specific tests to confirm it. However, there are diagnostic criteria that may help to identify CGD:1,2 1) the presence of neck pain before or at the same time of feeling dizzy; 2) successful management of cervical dysfunction leads to a simultaneous relief of dizziness.1,9
The immature growing cervical spine has unique anatomic, physiologic and biomechanical features, such as higher ligamentous laxity, malleable features of the vertebra and more horizontal orientation of the facet complex.10 Prolonged, excessive neck flexion may predispose children to physical health problems, such as musculoskeletal neck pain,11 cervical disc degeneration,12 and cervical kyphosis.13 The current study serves as a vivid example of identifying CGD and aims to raise awareness of the potential harms of excessive smartphone use by children.
Case Report
An 11-year-old girl sought chiropractic care because of intermittent dizziness accompanied by neck pain and occipital headache for 4 months. The patient noticed that her headache and neck pain started only while texting on a smartphone. It even seemed that when her neck hurt, she felt dizzy as well. Each episode usually lasted one to two hours. She denied any history of trauma, hearing or vision complaints. Prior neuro-otological examinations (past pointing, nystagmus assessments and caloric testing) and cochlear function tests (otoacoustic emissions testing) excluded vestibular problems or otologic disorders. She had been taking antihistamines and ibuprofen over the past three months. She also underwent rehabilitation exercise and acupuncture for relief from mechanical neck pain, but they were not helpful.
Upon initial evaluations, the patient presented with a guarded neck posture and straight neck. There were no physical signs of stress such as sleeping problems, loss of appetite and difficulty concentrating. The self-reported peak pain intensity of her neck pain and headache was 6 out of 10 on an 11-point numeric pain rating scale.14 The Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) questionnaire was scored at 36/100 (mild, 0–30; moderate, 31–60; and severe, 61–100).15 There was protective muscle spasm around the neck. Her cervical range of motion was painful at 20° passive extension (normal: >60°) and restricted at 60° of bilateral passive rotations (normal: >80°). Tenderness was identified in bilateral upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, right rhomboid, and right levator scapulae muscles. Segmental joint motion as assessed by palpation showed restricted at C1/2, C5/6, C7/T1, and T1/2 levels. Neurologic examination showed no abnormalities.
Sagittal radiograph (Figure 1A) demonstrated a reversed cervical lordosis. Global cervical lordosis,16 defined as Cobb's angle between C2 and C7 inferior endplate, was –22°. Several of the vertebrae were wedge-shaped, allowing for slippage (pseudosubluxation or physiological anterolisthesis)17 of the C2 on C3 and C3 on C4, which could be seen as normal variants in children. Intraspinous distance (dashed blue lines) was within 1.5 times the distance of the level either above or below, and the spinous processes of C1 to C3 (dashed red line) was aligned within 1 mm of each other, suggestive of an integrity of the interspinous ligaments.18 Diagnosis of cervicogenic dizziness was derived from the patient's history, clinical syndrome of neck pain accompanied by dizziness, an inversion of physiological cervical lordosis, and excluding all other potential causes of dizziness.
 | Figure 1 Comparison of cervical alignment on sagittal radiographs in neutral position. (A) At the initial assessment, several of the vertebrae were wedge-shaped, allowing for slippage of the C2 on C3 and C3 on C4.The global curvature of the C2-C7 spine using Cobb angle (four blue lines) was –22°, a reversed cervical lordosis. Intraspinous distance (dashed blue lines) was within 1.5 times the distance of the level either above or below and the spinous processes of C1 to C3 (dashed red line) was aligned within 1 mm of each other, suggestive an integrity of the interspinous ligaments. (B) 12-months later, the vertebral configuration became roughly rectangular. Restored cervical alignment and cervical lordosis yielded simultaneous remission of neurological symptoms. With reference to the initial image, there was 31° (–22° vs 9°) correction of the cervical lordosis. Reduced width of the prevertebral soft-tissue thickening (Orange lines) could signify a relief of previously swollen soft-tissue. |
 | Figure 2 Clinical timeline of the presenting case. |
Chiropractic intervention consisted of spinal manipulation of the restricted cervical segments, thermal ultrasound therapy to release neck stiffness and restore motion, along with cervicothoracic intermittent motorized traction to release intervertebral spaces and decompress neural impaction. Treatment sessions were arranged three times a week for three months. The patient reported that her pain and dizziness gradually ameliorated from the second week onward and resolved completely within four weeks. Neck mobility was mostly regained near the end of treatment. As a result, the patient reported neck pain reduced from 6/10 to 0/10 on pain rating scale. The DHI score declined from 36 to 0. She continued to receive maintenance treatment focusing on the correction of cervical misalignment on a weekly basis for the ensuing 9 months. Improved cervical alignment and curvature was observed on the 12-month follow-up radiograph. With reference to the initial image (Figure 1B), there was 31° (–22° vs 9°) correction of the cervical lordosis. Reduced width of the prevertebral soft-tissue thickening (orange lines) could signify a relief of previously swollen soft-tissue.19 The patient was subsequently reviewed at the 18th month and remained symptoms free. No adverse events had occurred during the 12 months of care (Figure 2).
Discussion
With an erect bipedal posture and a mobile head in human beings, vestibular signals alone cannot distinguish dynamics of the head or of the whole body when the head moves on a stationary trunk.6,20 Neck muscles have abundant muscle spindles, particularly in small suboccipital muscles (ie, the semispinalis capitis and cervicis muscles).8 Muscle spindles are stretch receptors in skeletal muscles that sense muscle length and the velocity of muscle length change, contributing to fine motor control and providing axial and limb position information to the central nervous system. Facet capsules are also richly innervated with nociceptors, which estimate the orientation of the head.21,22 Cervical diseases can lead to a conflict between muscle perception and joint position sense and a distorted interaction between vestibular and cervical inputs, resulting in a false sensation of unsteadiness.8,21
As there is an increasing use of smartphones, the immature growing cervical spine is more prone to kyphotic deformity due to children having a relatively large head, higher ligamentous laxity, immature paraspinal muscles, shallow facet joints, high water content in the disks, unfused epiphyses, and wedging of vertebrae.10,23 The fulcrum for flexion in the cervical spine in children is at the C2/C3 level and descends to C5/C6 as they grow.18 In this context, it is possible to misinterpret these physiologic variants, such as loss of cervical lordosis, wedging or anterior displacement of the vertebrae, as a pathological ramification.18 Minor anatomical anomalies that cause no disability or have no significant physical or functional effects can be regarded as physiologic/congenital variants.24 However, continuous static stress in the minor variants can aggravate biomechanical alterations and predispose segmental instability of the cervical spine, resulting in CGD.
A static and flexed neck posture due to excessive texting on a smartphone can make the neck muscles go into painful spasm. Neck perception and joint position sense are primarily impaired by compromised muscle perception, joint mechanics, or capsule sensitivity and, secondarily, by disruption of the afferent proprioceptive tuning to the vestibular nucleus.21,25 A defective mechanoreceptor's feedback or compromised sensory integration may contribute to a sensation of unsteadiness.3,21 Despite the aforementioned hypothesis, a sensation of dizziness as a consequence of cervical spine dysfunctions has not been widely accepted by the medical profession.1,3,25 The inclusion of CGD as an independent entity still remains controversial.4 The overall prevalence of CGD is not known because there are no generally accepted clinical or paraclinical tests for CGD.26
As the name might suggest, CGD is a false feeling of dizziness due to cervical musculoskeletal dysfunction. Migraine-related syndromes are the most common cause of episodic dizziness in children. CGD can be differentiated from Vestibular Migraine of Childhood and Recurrent Vertigo of Childhood by the absence of nystagmus and hearing loss.27 The correlation between dizzy syndrome and neck movement is an explicit diagnostic criterion for CGD.1,2 Symptoms caused by CGD should be aggravated by movements that elicit neck pain and should subside with interventions that alleviate neck pain.1 Treatments for CGD should target neck problems and be tailored for individual patients based on their treatment responses. Recent systematic reviews22,28 indicate that manual therapy may benefit cervicogenic dizziness but good quality randomized controlled trials are warranted. That said it is noteworthy that manual therapy should be applied with great caution in patients with CGD. Notably, it is critically important to rule out neurovascular aetiologies before starting the manual therapy to prevent any untoward events in CGD.6 Surgery is usually not indicated for mechanical causes of neck pain29 unless there are progressive neurologic deficits or intractable pain and disability unresponsive to conservative treatments.
Conclusion
The immature growing cervical spine has unique anatomic, physiologic and biomechanical features, such as higher ligamentous laxity, malleable features of the vertebra and more horizontal orientation of the facet complex.9 Excessive smartphone use can result in neck pain and musculoskeletal disorders. Erroneous proprioceptive inputs from various neck problems can result in dizziness. Determining the cause of dizziness is crucial to guide the selection of the most appropriate treatment regimen.
Abbreviations
CGD, cervicogenic dizziness; DIH, Dizziness Handicap Inventory.
Ethical Approval and Informed Consent
Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval for this case report was not required. Written informed consent was obtained from the guardian of the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images.
Author Contributions
All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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